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archive
February 4th;
Design a letterhead for some people in London, proofread short section of Bea's
book about Yugoslavia, finish scraping e-mail addresses of independent bookshops in
Britain (none in Northern Ireland, mysteriously) off a newspaper article that just gives
websites, send latest pictures of physics book cover to Regina, photograph
restarted
chair in current form. Finally some
snow on the ground outside, after all the fuss. About an inch.
February 3rd;
Meet IT Attila at Arkad and explain game concept. Walking up the steps out of the
underpass from the Arkad shopping centre behind a girl wearing stilettos, I see
exactly how she takes the steps, walking only on her toes, at each pace the heel
spike casually hanging down over the edge of each step. Probably easier than trying
to get both sole & heel onto each step. We've been hearing all week about
how terribly cold it will be today, with massive snowfalls. No snow. This picture
from Japan shows what proper
snow looks like. Open bedroom window again. Finish chiselling out slots in cross
struts for Chair Two and filing them to fit. Lots of wood splinters.
February 2nd;
Walking out of my building each day there is a strong scent a lot like men's armpits
after sporty exertion. Each time it takes a second or two to re-establish that this
is greener, more attractive: it's some kind of herb. There are various shrubby things
lurking around the entrance, but each day I fail to sniff-locate the one that
comes so close to male underarm aroma. Evening English lesson with Sound Studio Zita.
She lends me a Japanese novel in English by Natsuhiko Kyogoku about (she says) ghosts in the 1950s. The evening
is chilly, so tonight I shut my bedroom window.
February 1st;
Send states-of-matter picture explanations to Aniko to turn into an illustration.
Interesting rebuttal to David Hockney's intriguing suggestions about Renaissance use of
optical aids by painters. I haven't read it yet, but of course if Hockney really claims
that no-one can paint lifelike images without them he is a silly man, just as
the writer in this
lushly illustrated
attack says.
January 31st;
Isaac Clark, after all these years, still trying
to do the dog funk.
January 30th;
Irish Radio cheque arrives. I take it straight to the post office to send to NatWest.
Some rough-edged mid-1960s guitar music: relations between the sexes seem a
little more fraught.
The Heard: "When
I'm walking by her side, it makes me so dissatisfied."
The
Chessmen: "...you chase me round, all over town / One thing
I know, going to put you down" with hypnotic spirals
intercutting an early video. Some good-natured youngsters dance on what looks
it might be a rather chilly British beach. Anyone who understands those feathers on the
motorbike seat, please drop me a line.
January 29th;
Work all Sunday on Wolfson essay. Some late-1950s guitar music cleverly packaged
as music from old strip clubs, and cheerful stuff it is too.
Gibble Gobble has the
proper late-night feel;
Snow Surfin' Matador sounds as if it
was recorded in someone's bathroom, of course adding to the charm; and
The Poor Boys' tune combines a horn
section, fuzzy electric bass guitar, a washboard?, a piano, and seemingly a spoons solo,
all on one track: like the triple point of water.
January 28th;
Meet Marguerite at Iain's party where he (piano) and Sarah (trumpet) play some duets
from what Dr Scruton on Thursday taught us to refer to the American Songbook (Scruton
was discussing Theodor Adorno's strenuous attack on US popular culture after he took
refuge from the Third Reich by emigrating to Hollywood). Wonderful food and much
merriment. The Hungarian guests at one end of the dinner table patiently listen as I
struggle to explain my views on cities, debt, hard & soft currencies in a Magyar not
really up to the occasion. Leave at a still civilised hour, so that the party doesn't
end quite like
this. Searching for that scene that everyone remembers from
'Rollerball', was surprised to
find it set to a quite eerie bit of seventies music from slightly earlier in that
film written by, of all people, Andre Previn.
Finish a borrowed book called
'Sex
In History' by Gordon Rattray Taylor, from the mid-1950s, so
intriguingly dated. In factual terms, homosexual acts are still illegal under English
law, "The Pill" hasn't arrived (latex condoms are briefly mentioned as the transformative
contraceptive break-through), and there are still obscenity trials. This book is from
before the end of the Chatterley ban, in Larkin's phrase. However, more striking than all
this is that Freud is still seen as one of the dominant scientific minds of the century,
a veritable Copernicus of psychology. The book has both an index and a quite extensive
bibliography yet not even a sentence about who the author is. He appears from context to
have been a Freudian psychoanalyst dipping into history, but it's possible that books as
racy as this were written under pseudonyms at the time. He says Brazil became Portuguese
despite the line drawn by a pope down the Atlantic, though in fact part of
Brazil is east of this line so his explanation about Portuguese mariners "reaching South
America by the eastward route" sounds wrong. Most of the research looks solid though.
There is some interesting material about the
mediaeval period and antiquity but not quite enough simple description of customs and
beliefs, and rather too much of one theory. That being the high-water mark of the
Viennese doctor's influence, the author gives us a schema of patrist and matrist
societies (not to be confused with patriarchy and matriarchy, he says). Patrist societies
tend to be strict, masculine, demean women, oppose innovation, and are riddled with
suppressed anxiety about homosexuality. Meanwhile matrist societies, says Taylor, are
more indulgent, feminine, treat women as equals, embrace new ideas, and are riddled with
suppressed anxiety about incest. He suggests that human creativity is at its height in
neither mode but rather when a society is halfway through a change between one mode and
the other. He has some interesting details about how late pagan phallus and fertility
worship persisted in some remote rural districts of Europe even in the 18th century.
By his analysis worshipping magical todgers is apparently not patrist, and he gets into
a severe muddle in some parts of English history where he has to appeal to the idea that
a matrist/patrist reaction is setting in, but some parts of society are still
patrist/matrist at the same
time, and so forth. It's a neat theory, but carries quite a lot of weight and
creaks in places.
His mention of the early years of the Church when it looked as if
the Persian Mithras cult was far more widespread and popular across the Roman
Empire than Christianity is provocative,
and it would nice to hear more of why he thinks one beat the other. In
several places he chides historians for saying "this trend replaced that" without saying
why and under what conditions, but he really fails his own test in all the interesting
passages. The part on the patrist style of both early Protestants and the
Catholic CounterReformation is well argued, and there are thin scraps of detail on
ecstatic cults like the Angel Dancers, the Agapemonites, the Holy Rollers, and the
Family of Love. More on them would have been good.
January 27th;
It seems the client is indignant about how I propose to cut his Norway film to
make it watchable. Meanwhile, some early-70s French film-score jazz with
that hair-blowing-in-the-wind pre-oil-crisis mood:
Sexopolis.
January 26th;
Bump into Tamas & Henry at
Roger
Scruton's talk. Scruton gives a very lucid account
of his views on music and the social meaning of dancing, agreeing with Plato that
there are moral dimensions to musical taste though disagreeing with Plato's vigorous
desire to censor anything he disapproved of. Scruton has interesting points about
rhythm emerging out of melody, music in itself as separate from the effect music
has on us, and about the role of harmony. When I ask him about
Paul's remark that all classical music is about the French Revolution, he mildly
suggests it's a bit sweeping, but might legitimately apply to Beethoven. Starting
to think Scruton is a rather rationalist, oddly Whiggish conservative,
though hardly because of his sensible-enough Beethoven remark. Too rooted in Kant,
perhaps. A utopian ditty from the Bad Cookies:
Let's Get Connected.
January 25th;
It seems that a Chinese Year of the Dragon has just started, so
two more from Little Dragon:
Come Home /
Crystal Film.
January 24th;
Lots of stuff out there
to be found.
January 23rd;
Note to self: British
bookshop list.
January 22nd;
Finally finish new script to recut
heritage film on Norway.
January 21st;
Read Franc's copy of
'The
Course of Irish History'. A book connected to an Irish
Republic television series. Each chapter is by a different historian. Would have liked
more on the Dark Age Irish kingdoms and local warlords. Interesting that two of
the writers express regret that the Norman conquest of Ireland wasn't completed but
got rolled back by resurging Gaelic chieftains over the following two centuries.
Norman Ireland's enclaves had almost disappeared by the time the Tudors invaded from
across the sea, worried about Irish armies intervening in England's
feudal civil war, The War of the Roses. Sounds as if somehow the 16th century was just
a bit too late to finally unite the island under one ruler. Some of the
earlier clan battles and rivalries from four or five centuries before that sound
romantic now, probably because of the time that's elapsed.
January 20th;
Bit of Northern Soul: The Admirations /
You Left Me. Skipping, upbeat
rhythm tussles with sad melody. Lovely evening meal at Esther's with Catherine,
Heather & Anti. I hear all about Anti's project to sell a powerful microscope to a
Hungarian university, and his Tarot cards come out very strangely indeed on the topic.
January 19th;
So here is Old Sarum in idealised picture
form. Looks like it was important for something.
January 18th;
During her morning business programme on
Irish radio,
Emma phones me up for a short interview about Hungary's constitution & debt crisis.
January 17th;
A break from Norwegian film in the office over a green tea with Franc.
As I return from the loo past the back tables in the small coffee bar a couple of quite
smartly-dressed tarts cheerfully proposition me, blowing me kisses as I
apologise for being unable to afford them.
Should I work on my
memory for faces?
January 16th;
Lunch with Annika. We chat about philosophy, academic conferences, human politics.
A more lemony sunset with a chilly wind as I walk back to the office. Heart-stirring
winter afternoon shadows charcoaled onto buildings round the back of the
Keleti railway station.
Finally, some proper headlines:
Demon Infestation in New York
school district.
January 15th;
Quiet Sunday in Budapest grappling with stuff. Afternoon tea with Annika &
Mr Saracco. As I meet her she is walking straight out of a very Nordic-looking sunset
just over the Danube. I see only an intense ball of blinding golden light at the river
bank and a woman's voice in the heart of the fire laughing and shouting my name.
A couple of tunes from the zombie/garage/surf-guitar genre:
Watusi Zombie /
Invasion of the Apemen.
January 14th;
Train up to Budapest from the Alfold or 'Great Plain'. Green tea with Georgina at
Lakitelek station. Watch another lowland-dust-enhanced sunset on my train as it
trundles through all the one-chestnut-tree village stations, stopping at each one.
The sun is red-tinted as it slowly descends, seemingly pinned between long hovering
slabs of blue-grey cloud. Short interesting
attack on an academic Marxist, and
a light, funny account of
New
Year's Eve. End long day with soothing hot bath at
home in Budapest flat. Make sure to use cheerful green bath plug, cleverly
connected by short chain to blue rubber float shaped like small whale.
January 13th;
Friday. Chinese checkers with Zsuzsi. I win one game, she wins the other. Letty & Kasper
are back from their various schools as well.
1/ Article answers the question 'Why Are
Clever People Ugly?'
2/
Apparently this is a very odd online
German course.
3/ Trailer from a French
guns-and-chicks film
I've never seen - curious how dated it feels.
4/
Is Sugar Toxic?
Slightly plodding but thorough nutrition article.
January 12th;
"Taliban
Handling Corpse Urination Video Surprisingly Well"
January 11th;
Still working on documentary scripts.
It seems there was a second, separate
nuclear-reactor accident
in Japan last year, and it's still not clear if things at that plant are healthy
either.
January 10th;
Write introduction to Norwegian & Syrian films. Japan's
new generation of male
'herbivores' have their women alarmed, apparently.
January 9th;
Quarrel with Georgina in the car down to the Alfold. Not a good start. Must note
this page about
bookcases.
January 8th;
Finish another of Robin's books
'Enjoy
Your Symptom!' by Slovenian cultural-studies guru Slavoj Zizek
(pronounced "Zhizhek"). This is a book of articles, each starting with an example
from a film, usually a movie from the 1930s, 40s, or 50s, which is the jumping-off
point for a discussion of Zizek's peculiar mix of Marx, Freud, Lacan, and Hitchcock -
the four people he likes to talk about most. Like French psychoanalytic
thinker Lacan, Zizek manages to write impressively difficult, deep-looking stuff
that is also quite good fun to read. His text gives readers a seductive blend.
Flattering humour, offhand references to Hegel, Nietzsche, Kierkegaard,
Austin, Brecht, a rich range of sources. It feels like initiation into a sect of
penetrating cleverness. You join a small coterie of enlightened ones who see beneath
the conspiracy of everyday life. Thinkers who blend popular films and hard philosophy
are certainly more prevalent since McLuhan changed how pop intellectuals promote
their ideas and themselves. Zizek has a special interest
in 1940s film noir and Hitchcock's thrillers. That said, Zizek has clearly read the
material he quotes - this is no skating act. Many of his inferences and arguments
are frivolous, but he has at least done some genuine reading and thinking. Every few
pages you encounter what feels like a sharp insight. The theorist inspiring this book
is Jacques Lacan.
Lacan's main thought is that
we are all haunted by an unnameable desire which restlessly moves from goal to goal,
never satisfied. More mysteriously, this unnameable lack or hunger actually names
the lost unity, the vanished Garden of Eden of early childhood before we had names
for things and became named ourselves. Each time we reach a goal, Lacan says, this
nameless desire moves to another goal, because we do not see that it is itself a kind
of label for goal-less bliss, namelessness, lost unity: in a way the very first name.
This idea is an interesting one. It seems to explain a lot about human unhappiness.
Lacan's story is essentially that this & related concepts were really what Freud
was teaching and that we must all go back and reread Freud. Much of Zizek's discussion
is the application of Lacanian ideas like this to film and other bits of current
culture, mixed in of course with plenty of Marxist concepts.
This book consists of five explicitly Lacanian articles.
In the post-McLuhan,
post-Frankfurt way the whole thing is persuasive but still rhetoric. It's written within
two traditions (Marx and Freud) which explicitly deny critics the right to answer back.
Critics are denounced for either voicing hidden class interests or voicing
subconsciously motivated denials, or both. So they can be dismissed without having to
even engage with their criticisms. If it admits to being speculation, speculative thought
is a very valuable aid to any thinking community. On the other hand, without
that essential element of humility, witty & interesting as Zizek's speculations
are, he is still just building an elaborate Marxo-Freudist sandcastle on the sneer
"Well, you would say that wouldn't you?" (So I need not ...in fact
should not listen to you). That's a debating tactic
philosophers used to call "poisoning the wells". No-one mistakes Schopenhauer's or
Nietzsche's thought-provoking aphorisms for evidence-supported practical conclusions
(bodies of social science). Which is why - despite suggesting all the most interesting
bits of "Freudian psychology" decades before Freud claimed it all as his own -
Schopenhauer & Nietzsche don't have movements named after them using their
work as "tools". Zizek and Lacan are both wonderfully thought-provoking, but they claim
rather more for themselves than just provoking thought.
January 7th;
Back in Budapest. Finish one of Robin's books:
'Understanding
Media' by Marshall McLuhan, a fine piece of vintage
early-1960s pop-sociology.
He outlines his theory of "cool media" like the fuzzy low-res screens of 1950s and
60s television, seminars or comic strips, which all invite audiences to fill in
bits and participate, as against "hot media" like radio or cinema or printed text or
lectures which enhance one sense sharply and demand less involvement from their
audiences. He does this in a set of short snappy chapters, each of which sails
airily through a set of literary quotes, references to current advertisements or
TV characters, intriguing historical details,
making his claims & arguments in playful aphorisms, sometimes even
puns. McLuhan
was very fashionable, so therefore became unfashionable again, and is now getting
his revival. This book though leaves me wondering if they weren't right
to be retreating from him in the 70s. He writes very well, he is witty, he has some
intriguing ideas - it's a heady mix. His prose is casually sprinkled with rather
lovely poetic images: such as where he talks about the road becoming the runway and
being rolled up inside the aeroplane as it takes off. However, there is
also something glib and smart-alec about the whole theory, or 'vision' might be a
better word. It's like a more intelligent version of Marxism, with means of
communication replacing means of production as the technical determinant explaining
all societies, but of course that's not a high bar to cross. It's not at all clear how
strong he thinks these media factors in cultures are - totally determining, moderately
influential, mildly influential - and this difference matters quite a lot.
There's naturally something thrilling about a writer who throws out claims like:
Hitler could not have risen to power in an era with television, only an era with radio.
This thrill should put us on our guard though. His historical details, whisked past us
like a conjuror's props, are nonetheless fascinating - the waltz as a "fast,
mechanical dance for the mechanical era"; the Eskimo's igloo as a recent, not
ancient, development made possible by civilised man's primus stove; the absence of
phone directories and ministry switchboards in Soviet Russia in 1960. The use he puts
them to is suspect though. Every one of his artfully tossed-in snowflakes of evidence
could mean other things, or a mixture of things, and he quotes
Elias
Canetti far too respectfully for my comfort. McLuhan's blizzard of similes, looked at
one by one, are awfully similar to Canetti's transparently daft ideas in
'Crowds and Power' (that prison cells
have barred windows because they are like the teeth of a predator's mouth, that trading
goods is like a monkey fist opening and closing to grasp tree branches, and so on). He is
perhaps excited by Canetti's writing because Canetti showed him how to rebrand lyrical
playfulness as intellectual breakthrough? I'm guessing. He frequently wrangles with
Toynbee & Mumford, obvious rivals who also try to explain all of history with one or
two bold analogies.
One of the few things McLuhan suggests people do is study all these media messages and
frames more closely. He says that media are more influential than what is said
with them, so we should research them more. Literary people (except for him,
of course) cannot "read" visual media; advertisements are richer than heiroglyphics
in terms of cultural information; ads, concert posters, bus tickets, airline
maps, radio jingles and so on merit serious attention, etc. But how true is all this? They
certainly merit intelligent attention, but do they really contain
more meaning and interest than boring oldee-worldee objects of study like books?
Each medium certainly conveys "a" message, but McLuhan makes it sound like the only
message. The medium is "the" message he says, breezily dismissive of mere content. A
second's thought here, with the 1960s safely past, shows just how silly is the claim
that the medium, the channel, is everything and that the overt message/content counts
for much less. Which is what makes it slightly worrying that this is really the founding
document of Media Studies. It's worth asking what
forty five years of taking McLuhan in deadly earnest (as a theoretical master revealing
powerful new analytical equipment, rather than as a clever, talented essayist with some
stimulating perspectives and provocative turns of phrase) has actually achieved,
for students learning these supposed "media skills" and for everyone else.
January 6th;
Recommended online manual written by a pharmacologist about withdrawing from
highly addictive tranquilisers, those in the benzodiazepine group. It seems Xanax is
one of these. On the train back to Budapest, sun low on skyline goes under the train.
As I look out of the carriage on the dark side, I can see a long strip of sun against
fences, walls, and hedges, from under the train. Shadows of the wheel units ripple
on and off buildings and fields. I spend the whole trip reading by an open window in
the corridor, since the compartment has the hottest temperature I've ever felt on a
Hungarian train, and they're typically overheated. Like having my legs next
to an open oven door.
January 5th;
A stroppy, but in parts interesting, fine-art rant.
'12 Art World Habits to Ditch
in 2012'.
January 4th;
Russian
spy milks Facebook celebrity.
January 3rd;
Robin & I drive Agi & Kata to the next village to catch their coach back to
Szekesfehervar. Breezy
sunny weather.
January 2nd;
Chinese checkers with Zsuzsi,
more Tarot reading with Agi & Kata.
January 1st;
After dark, as she's nervous about remembering the gears and handling the older car
she hasn't driven for a while, I join Georgina in the big blue Mercedes to the next
village, Tiszakurt. There we pick up Zsuzsi off the bus back from her New Year's party.
Back at home, Agi's niece Kata has also arrived.
Here's a slightly overwritten but
still
worrying article about ways existing networks can be used to exclude, isolate, and harass
individuals. Curious paleontology piece says human brains have been shrinking for several thousand years.
Recent weblog entries
continued:
Who can translate the next 300 words into
Korean or
Hindi?
Contact
me and there will be revelry.
Languages dying out each week
- who
cares?
We do - otherlanguages.org is
gradually building a
reference resource for over five thousand
linguistic minorities and
stateless languages worldwide.
Thousands of unique language
communities are becoming extinct.
Out of the world's five to six thousand languages, we hardly know
what we're losing, what literatures, philosophies, ways of thinking, are disappearing right now.
So?
We may soon regret the
extinction of thousands of entire
linguistic cultures even more than we
regret the needless extinction
of many animals and plants.
The planet is increasingly dominated by
a handful of
major-language monocultures like Mandarin
Chinese,
Hindi, Arabic,
Indonesian, Urdu, Spanish, Portuguese,
English, Swahili, Russian, Cantonese Chinese, Japanese, Bengali - all
beautiful and fascinating
languages.
But so are the
5,000 others.
These are groups of
people?
Linguistic minorities are communities
of ordinary people whose
native tongue is not their country's main
official language. Swedish
speakers in Finland, French speakers in
Canada, Hungarian speakers
in Slovakia - and hundreds more - are
linguistic minorities.
And totally stateless languages are the
native languages of some
of the world's most intriguing,
little-known, cultures. Like the
Lapps inside the Arctic Circle, the Sards
in Sardinia, Ainus in Japan. Cherokee in the US, Scots
Gaelic in Britain, Friesian in the
Netherlands, Zulu in South Africa.
There are only a couple of hundred recognised sovereign states and
territories, so more than 5,000 languages are the native tongues of
linguistically stateless people.
How
could I help?
You don't need to learn an endangered
language - any more than go to live in the rainforest to help slow its
destruction.
A good start is to just tell friends
about websites like this.
Broader public interest makes it easier
for linguists to raise
funds and organise people to learn these
languages while there's
time.
That's right. There
are people who love
languages and are happy to learn them on
behalf of the rest of us, but they need support,
just like zoologists, botanists, or historians.
Fewer languages still
sounds good to
me
Depends what you think languages
are for. They're not just
a tool for business. We never said you
should learn three or four thousand
rare languages - or even one. And which
ones we make children learn in school, or whether we
should force children to learn languages
at all, is another question.
Typical scene in a European city;
Chances are, folk here speak some sort of foreign
language *5
|
A century ago - before we understood
ecology, and when we cared
less about wilderness, most educated
people would have laughed at
the idea of worrying about plants or
animals going extinct. Now we
understand how important species diversity
is for our own futures,
we are more humble, and more worried.
In the same way, linguistic
triumphalism by English-speakers who
hated studying foreign grammar at school
is dangerously ignorant as
well as arrogant. Few of us know what we
are losing, week by week.
How many people realise these languages
have scientific value?
Scientific value?
You can think of these languages across
the planet as beautiful cathedrals or
precious archeological sites
we are watching being destroyed. That
should be motive enough.
But these five thousand languages may
also hold clues to the
structure of the human mind. Subtle
differences and similarities
Wireless radio can be a great comfort to those unable
to leave the
textbooks in which they live *6
|
between languages are helping
archeologists and anthropologists to
understand what happened in the hundreds
of centuries of human
history before written history. And
that is one of our best
chances of understanding how human brains
developed over the
thousands of centuries leading up to that.
Study of the mind and study of language
go hand in hand these
days. The world's most marginal languages
are actually precious
jigsaw pieces from an overall picture of
who we are and how our
species thinks and evolves. Every tiny
language adds another
brightly-coloured clue to this academic
detective story.
Yet researchers have hardly started
sifting through this
tantalising evidence, and language
extinction is washing it away
right in front of us.
And worst of all, most people have no
idea that there is this
fantastic profusion of cultures across our
world, let alone that
they are in danger of extinction. Even
just more people learning
that there are still five thousand living
languages in the world
today (most of us would answer five
hundred or fifty) is already a
huge help.
We
English-speakers hardly notice
English - it's like air for us. But every
other language is also an
atmosphere for an entire cultural world,
and each of these worlds
has people whose home it is. Each language
encapsulates a unique
way of talking and thinking about life.
Just try some time in a
foreign prison, being forced to cope in
another language, and you'll
realise how much your own language is your
identity. That's true for
everyone.
Minority languages are a
human-rights
issue?
One of the most basic.
Dozens of millions of people worldwide
suffer persecution from
national governments for speaking their
mother tongue - in their own
motherland.
Many 'ethnic' feuds puzzling to
outsiders had as their basis an
attempt to destroy a linguistic community.
Would the Northern
Ireland dispute be quite so bitter if we
English had not so nearly
stamped out the Irish Gaelic language, for
example? Almost nowhere
in the world does a language community as
small as the few thousand
Rheto-Romanic speakers - the fourth
official language of Switzerland
- get the protection of a national
government. Next time you see some Swiss Francs, check both sides of the
banknote.
But outside exceptional countries like
Switzerland or the Netherlands, speakers of non-official
languages have a much less
protected experience.
Speakers of minority languages are
often seen as a threat by both
the governments and the other residents of
the countries where they
were born, grew up, and try to live
ordinary lives.
They experience discrimination in the
job and education markets
of their homelands, often having no choice
but to pursue education
in the major language of the host state -
a deliberate government
policy usually aimed at gradually
absorbing them into the majority
culture of that country.
Mighty oaks from tiny acorns grow, of course *7
|
Most governments are privately gleeful
each time another small
separate culture within their borders is
snuffed out by a dwindling
population or a deliberately centralising
education system.
The United Nations is no help. It is an
association of a couple
of hundred sovereign states based on
exclusive control of territory,
almost all of them anxious to smother any
distinct group or
tradition that in any way might blur or
smudge the hard-won borders
around those pieces of territory.
The usual approach by sovereign states
is to deny their
linguistic minorities even exist.
-
Mark Griffith, site administrator /
contact at
otherlanguages.org
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